Optimization of Zebrafish Larvae 6-OHDA Exposure for Neurotoxin Induced Dopaminergic Marker Reduction.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is clinically assessed by motor symptoms associated with the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons affecting the quality of life for over 8.5 million people worldwide. The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been used to chemically induce a PD-like state in zebrafish larvae by several laboratories; however, highly variable concentration, methodology, and reagents have resulted in conflicting results suggesting a need to investigate these issues of reproducibility. We propose a protocol that addresses the differences in methodology and induces changes in 6 days postfertilization (dpf) larvae utilizing a 24-h exposure at 3 dpf with 30 µM 6-OHDA. Despite ∼50% lethality, no morphological or development differences in surviving fish are observed. Definition of our model is defined by downregulation of the expression of th1 by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, a marker for dopaminergic neurons and a reduction in movement. Additionally, we observed a downregulation of pink1 and an upregulation of sod1 and sod2, indicators of mitochondrial dysfunction and response to reactive oxygen species, respectively.

Evaluation of pharmacy students’ clinical interventions on a general medicine practice experience / Evaluación de las intervenciones clínicas de los estudiantes de farmacia en unas prácticas de medicina general

As colleges of pharmacy prepare a new generation of practitioners, it is important that during practice experiences students learn the impact of clinical interventions. For over ten years, pharmacy students have been a vital part of the multidisciplinary team at the military treatment facility. The overall impact of the student interventions on patient care has not been evaluated. To evaluate the impact, the students began documenting their clinical interventions in Medkeeper RxInterventions™, an online database. The program is used to document faculty and fourth year pharmacy students’ pharmaceutical interventions. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the interventions completed by fourth year pharmacy students during a general medicine advanced pharmacy practice experience at a military treatment facility. Methods: The students completing their general medicine advanced pharmacy practice experience at the military treatment facility are responsible for self reporting all interventions made during clinical rounds into the Medkeeper RxIntervention™ database. The researchers retrospectively collected and analyzed interventions made from June 2008 to June 2009. Results: The total number of interventions recorded by 8 fourth year pharmacy students was 114. Students averaged a number of 14.3 interventions during an eight week practice experience. Students spent an average of 5 minutes per intervention. Ninety- five percent of the interventions were accepted. Conclusion: Fourth year pharmacy students’ recommendations were accepted at a high rate by resident physicians. The high acceptance rate may have the ability to positively impact patient care (AU)

Mientras las facultades de farmacia preparan una nueva generación de facultativos, es importante que durante las prácticas tuteladas los alumnos aprendan el impacto de las intervenciones clínicas. Durante más de 10 años, los estudiantes de farmacia han sido un elemento vital del equipo multidisciplinario de la clínica militar. No se ha evaluado el impacto general de las intervenciones de los estudiantes en la atención a los pacientes. Para evaluar el impacto, los estudiantes comienzan a registrar sus intervenciones clínicas en Medkeeper RxInterventions™, una base de datos online. El programa se usa para documentar las intervenciones farmacéuticas de los profesores y los estudiantes de cuarto año. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las intervenciones completadas pro estudiantes de farmacia de cuarto año durante las prácticas tuteladas avanzadas en una clínica de medicina general de un establecimiento militar de tratamiento. Métodos: Los estudiantes que realizan sus prácticas tuteladas avanzadas en el establecimiento militar de tratamiento son responsables de auto-comunicar todas las intervenciones realizadas durante las rondas clínicas en la base de datos Medkeeper RxIntervention™. Los investigadores recogieron y analizaron retrospectivamente las intervenciones realizadas entre junio 2008 y junio 2009. Resultados: El número total de intervenciones registradas por los alumnos de farmacia de cuarto año fue de 114. Los estudiantes realizaron un promedio de 14,3 intervenciones durante sus ocho semanas de prácticas. Los estudiantes pasaron una media de 5 minutos por intervención. El 95% de las intervenciones fueron aceptadas. Conclusión: Las recomendaciones de los estudiantes de farmacia de cuarto año fueron altamente aceptadas por los médicos residentes. La alta tasa de aceptación puede tener la capacidad de impactar positivamente en los cuidados de los pacientes (AU)

Evaluation of pharmacy students' clinical interventions on a general medicine practice experience.

UNLABELLED: As colleges of pharmacy prepare a new generation of practitioners, it is important that during practice experiences students learn the impact of clinical interventions. For over ten years, pharmacy students have been a vital part of the multidisciplinary team at the military treatment facility. The overall impact of the student interventions on patient care has not been evaluated. To evaluate the impact, the students began documenting their clinical interventions in Medkeeper RxInterventions™, an online database. The program is used to document faculty and fourth year pharmacy students' pharmaceutical interventions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the interventions completed by fourth year pharmacy students during a general medicine advanced pharmacy practice experience at a military treatment facility. METHODS: The students completing their general medicine advanced pharmacy practice experience at the military treatment facility are responsible for self reporting all interventions made during clinical rounds into the Medkeeper RxIntervention™ database. The researchers retrospectively collected and analyzed interventions made from June 2008 to June 2009. RESULTS: The total number of interventions recorded by 8 fourth year pharmacy students was 114. Students averaged a number of 14.3 interventions during an eight week practice experience. Students spent an average of 5 minutes per intervention. Ninety- five percent of the interventions were accepted. CONCLUSION: Fourth year pharmacy students' recommendations were accepted at a high rate by resident physicians. The high acceptance rate may have the ability to positively impact patient care.